Impact of acute kidney injury in COVID 19 infected patients

Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a novel disease caused by a newly identified virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (sars-cov-2). The novel disease which begun in Wuhan, China in Dec 2019 was declared pandemic by world health organization on 11 march 2020. The most common reported reasons for intensive care unit admission for patients with severe corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) are either hypoxemic respiratory failure leading to mechanical ventilation or hypotension requiring vasopressor support. Data on AKI are either lacking in this perspective, we emphasize that AKI can be a severe complication of covid-19 and highlight the importance of assessing, defining, and reporting the course of AKI in patients admitted in intensive care unit. Methods: This is a single centre retrospective observational study. 542 patients with real time-PCR and rapid antigen test confirmed COVID 19 infection admitted in KIMS intensive care unit, Hubballi were taken for study. Patients with chronic kidney disease were excluded from the study. Clinical examination and laboratory investigations including renal function test, liver function test, complete blood count, chest x-ray, d-dimer, ferritin, LDH, CRP was done for all the patients. Duration: 1 year (2020 August -2021 July) Results: Out of 542 patients, 166 patients developed acute kidney injury accounting for 30.62%. 145 patients died (87.47) who had acute kidney injury. And 27 patients were discharged (12.6%) who recovered from acute kidney injury. Results: Among the patients who did not developed AKI(376) .300(79.81) died and 76(20.2) got discharged. The p value was 0.034 which was significant for increase in mortality among patients who developed AKI. The incidence of mortality among COVID patient admitted to KIMS ICU was 82.1%. Conclusion: The mortality was significantly higher in COVID patients developing AKI. So we can predict the outcome in COVID infected patients who develops acute kidney injury. AKI is one of manifestation in COVID patients due to tropism of corona virus to ace receptors present in kidney.

Collusive behaviour, risk and performance of tourism firms

This paper aims to enrich social network and managerial powers theories by examining the effects of board-CEO friendship ties in tourism firms. Specifically, we focus on the association between the board-CEO social network ties (e.g. serving external boards together or sharing memberships at social organisations) and performance and risk-taking behaviour among tourism firms. The findings show that friendship ties between CEO and board members result in higher risk-taking, lower profitability and market values. In addition, professional ties (i.e. current and past employment) significantly impact tourism firms’ outcomes, whereas non-professional ties (i.e. education and other social organisations) do not. The findings prevail after controlling for the Covid-19 pandemic. However, friendship ties lead to better information sharing, resulting in more effective decision-making by board members. © The Author(s) 2022.